You Have a Friend in Me free essay sample

Everybody has companions yet every companion is extraordinary. You have your companions with families, the â€Å"let’s go out each night† companions, and to wrap things up, your long far off companions. Indeed they are for the most part companions however every one carries on with an alternate way of life and has their own one of a kind character. They remain as a cherished memory to you through various challenges. Companions are cherishing, mindful, faithful, and fair. Friend’s seal your most profound darkest mystery with a â€Å"pinky swear† and an embrace. Which sort of companion right? Companions with families comprehend the pressure and â€Å"no additional time right now† circumstance, since they likewise have their hands full as well. Some are housewives, and some work all day while their kids are in school or childcare. Furthermore, there are a rare sorts of people who shuffle both work and school during the day. There are companions who are separated, bringing up youngsters as single parents. We will compose a custom article test on You Have a Friend in Me or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The companions with families are normally exceptionally solid hearted, can take on the world, however love to loosen up after the children head to sleep to make a call, sit in front of the TV, and appreciate at last having a grown-up discussion. These treats come following a monotonous day pursuing kids around, going to after school exercises, and overcoming the feared schoolwork assignments sent home by the kid’s instructors. They are there to assist with keeping an eye on you need them. Likewise, they are normally experiencing similar issues with having more established guardians, small kids, work issues, and bills. They can give backing, and you can exchange thoughts with them about how to approach and take care of issues since they may have similar issues. Presently let’s take a gander at the companions who need to go out constantly. They discover motivation to go out for a mixed drink and perhaps starters pretty much each night of the week and on ends of the week. Two dollar Tuesday†, â€Å"Thirsty Thursday†, and on the grounds that they need to go have a drink and unwind. These are the pleasant companions that you call when you are having an awful day, lounging around exhausted, or simply need to loosen up. You realize they are just a call away and all set out when they answer their telephone. They are the fun, vivacious, and joyful, kind of companion. They are prepared to tune in and talk about any issues that are going on in your life and theirs. They will stay up with the latest on all the nearby tattle. Since they are out constantly, they will surely realize who is doing what with whom, when, where, and how. They will consistently have your back and come running at your coax call. These companions are engaging and amusing to be near, however ordinarily these companions don't have the degree of feeling and duty that you have with companions with families. Last, however not least, you have your significant distance companions. These companions remain in contact through email, Facebook, Skype, other informal communities, school reunions, and a periodic late night call. You may not talk regularly, yet you despite everything stay up with the latest on occasions that have occurred in your life. The primary concern of contact is for the most part through informal communities. Some news might be deplorable and grievous, yet most news got is cheerful like commitment, pregnancy, and moving for a new position offer. At the point when you do talk with them on the telephone it is consistently for a significant stretch of time to make up for lost time with the sum total of what that has been going on in your life. Regardless, they are still companions despite the fact that the separation shields you from seeing each other as regularly as you might want. They have the upside of sharing some prior occasions throughout your life, for example, going to class in years sooner or growing up together when you both were children and afterward moving ceaselessly. This includes sharing occasions in your lives that the other two gatherings may not be a piece of, and may not comprehend or appreciate. This kind of kinship implies you are not in contact with the individual continually but instead here and there â€Å"catching up. † You are old buddies due to the mutual recollections and past occasions in your lives. All things considered, your actual companions are forever, regardless of whether close or far. You have various kinds of companions whether settled down with a spouse and kids, single parents, single prepared to blend, and long far off companions. They will consistently be your companions as long as they are straightforward, faithful, and mindful. Companions are always until the end of time. Likewise, alluded to as â€Å"tombstone amigos. † They remain as a cherished memory to you. You find that you have numerous companions, however select ones are your actual dear companions.

Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and “Marketweb” separately from Nixon The WritePass Journal

Analyze the achievement of Llewellyn corresponding to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† independently from Nixon Presentation Analyze the achievement of Llewellyn comparable to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† independently from Nixon IntroductionThe convoluted obligation of NixonBibliography Related Presentation On the off chance that Llewellyn is to have any possibility of achievement he should right off the bat demonstrate that: (I) That the gatherings included owed him an obligation of care, (ii) that the gatherings were in break of this duty;(iii) that those important penetrates caused Llewellyn’s harm, both truth be told and in law, and; (iv) that the law will permit the recuperation of any misfortunes Llewellyn may have brought about. It is advantageous to look at the achievement or in any case of Llewellyn comparable to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† independently from Nixon. The general guideline with respect to the foundation of an obligation of care is the neighbor standard as defined in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932]: 1)â â â â â€Å"One must take sensible consideration to keep away from acts or oversights which you can sensibly predict would probably harm your neighbour.† The extent of this rule was extended impressively by Lord Wilberforce in Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] with the presentation of a two level test. The impact of this two level test was to grow impressively the extent of the tort of carelessness, yet the test has been the subject of much legal analysis, having being overruled on its realities by the House of Lords in Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1990]. In Murphy the House noticed that reservations had been communicated with respect to the two-level test and expressed an inclination for the gradual methodology of Brennan J in Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman [1985]. It was this methodology, recommends J Convery, that eventually prompted the advanced definition of the obligation of care in Caparo Industries Pcl v Dickman [1990]. Be that as it may, the courts have been hesitant to force an obligation of care with respect to the indiscreet creation of articulations instead of risk for imprudent acts. In spite of this, in Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964] the House of Lords held that an obligation to take care in offering expressions could emerge. Typical Donoghue standards were not to be applied as a severe utilization of these standards would have prompted too incredible an obligation. Rather, it was held that an obligation of care would emerge where there was a unique connection between the gatherings. For such a relationship to emerge: (i)â â â The representor must have an exceptional ability. (ii)â The representee should sensibly depend on the distortion. (iii)â The respondent must have some exceptional information on the kind of exchange being referred to: eg Smith v Eric Bush [1989] It is these models which must be used in evaluating the separate places of the gatherings nearby increasingly current standards which will be talked about later. As respects the principal models, plainly Josiah, a ventures consultant and the long-standing seat of the arranging panel, has a unique expertise, as does Kelly being a wide open arranging minister. Despite the fact that the Privy Council in Mutual Life v Evatt [1971] took a tight perspective on this rule, the Court of Appeal has followed the more â€Å"liberal minority† view:Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976]; Howard Marine and Dredging v Ogden [1978]. As Lord Denning MR expressed, while recognizing Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] in Esso; uncommon aptitude could show itself in the way that the gatherings are not â€Å"equally ready to shape an opinion†. In this manner it is presented that Kelly, Josiah and Marketweb fulfill the principal standards of the triple test. Setting up the subsequent standards is possibly dang erous. The Privy Council has, once more, taken a thin perspective on this model: Royal Bank Trust v Pampellonne [1987 . Anyway W.A Seavey proposes a to some degree disentangled methodology; that it is sensible to depend on an individual who â€Å"possesses more than the typical knowledge† in some random specialized topic. On the off chance that this accommodation is to be acknowledged, at that point, again apparently the subsequent basis is happy regarding every one of the three gatherings. It ought to likewise be noticed that if such dependence is missing, the offended party may, in outstanding cases, depend on customary Donohue standards as was set up in Ross v Caunters [1980]; White v Jones [1993]. Anyway it shows up from the realities this isn't proper. As respects the third rules, it is presented that the realities demonstrate Josiah and Marketweb have at first sight exceptional information on property exchanges. Kelly, anyway doesn't seem to have exceptional information on property exchanges, in this way it is presented that she doesn't owe Llewellyn an obligation of care as respects any careless errors, and any activity against her is probably going to come up short. Moreover almost certainly, the â€Å"fair and reasonable† prerequisite spread out in Caparo. Ruler Bingham remarked: 1)â â â€Å"The necessity can't, maybe, be preferable put over it was by Weintraub C.J. in Goldberg v Housing Authority of the City of Newark (1962):Whether an obligation exists is eventually an issue of decency. The request includes a weighing of the relationship of the gatherings, the nature of the hazard, and the open enthusiasm for the proposed solution.† In light of this examination, it appears to be out of line to force an obligation concerning â€Å"friends†.â Indeed this is the position involved by C Witting,whilst the inverse, he fights, can be said for connections of a business nature. It is along these lines presented that dependent on the three measures, Josiah owes Llewellyn an obligation of care as respects any careless articulations he may make. Despite the fact that apparently Marketweb might be similarly situated, ongoing case law may show in any case; present day case law appears to favor tests dependent on closeness of relationship related to a prerequisite that the obligation forced is reasonable and sensible: Jain v Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009] The instance of Patchett v Swimming Pool and Allied Trades Association Ltd. [2009] is intently similar to the current realities. The inquirers were hoping to assemble a pool and they (the petitioners) ran over the site of the Swimming Pool Allied Trades Asso ciation and the works properly initiated. Preceding culmination, the optional retailer got ruined and stopped exchanging, leaving the works unfinished.â The debate between the gatherings emerges out of articulations made on SPATAs site: it expressed that â€Å"installation will be finished completely to SPATA Standards come what may!†.In court, Worster J held that SPATA didn't owe the Patchetts an obligation of care in offering certain expressions on its site. The fundamental explanation given was that while the respondent no uncertainty realized that the portrayals on their site would probably be followed up on, it would not anticipate that buyers should do as such moving along without any more enquiry. The court found that the third rules vital for building up a connection between the producer of an announcement and the beneficiary who depends on that announcement, as set out on account of Hedley Byrne v Heller, was not fulfilled: â€Å"It is known, either really or inferentially, that the exhortation [or representation] is probably going to be followed up on by the advisee without autonomous inquiry.† It is submitted at that point, that similar standards can be applied to the current realities. In spite of the fact that Marketweb would have anticipated that buyers should follow up on their recommendation, they would not anticipate that shoppers should do as such moving along without any more enquiry. Accordingly, it could be contended that, in spite of satisfying the three rules expressed over, the third standards for the first Hedley Byrne v Heller test isn't fulfilled. In this way it is presented that Marketweb doesn't owe Llewellyn an obligation of care as respects any careless errors they may make, and any activity by Llewellyn is probably going to bomb on this basis.â Having built up the separate places of the gatherings as respects obligation of care, it is currently important to analyze on the off chance that they are in penetrate of that obligation. On account of each of the three gatherings, it is presented that any careless misquotes would emerge from the exclusion to make reference to the improvement of the club complex regardless of the housing of the plans two years earlier. The issue of an exclusion rendering an announcement careless was aptly inspected in Banque Financiere de Late Cite CA v Westgate Insurance Co [1989]where it was expressed: 2)â â â â â€Å"Can a unimportant inability to talk ever offer ascent to risk in carelessness under Hedley Byrne standards? In our view it can, yet subject to the immensely significant stipulation that there has been on the realities a willful acceptance of accountability in the applicable sense, and a dependence on that assumption† It was commonly settled that concerning reckless acts the law will force obligation, yet it won't force risk in regard of exclusions; see for instance the discourse of Lord Goff in Smith v Littlewoods Organization [1871] where his lordship expressed this general principle and recognized four special cases. By similarity, in careless misquote, one may accept while obligation may emerge in regard of a careless error, no risk will emerge from an inability to talk. Basically, the announcement from Banque Financiere de Late Cite CA v Westgate Insurance Co [1989] states that no obligation will connect to an inability to talk subject to only one exemption, to be specific where there has been a deliberate acceptance of accountability and dependence upon that suspicion. One may start by soliciting what the Court from Appeal implied by the expression ‘voluntary suspicion of responsibility’, as in Smith v Eric Bush [1989] the House of Lords dismissed the view expressed in Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964], that an obligation of care as to careless misquote (a verbally expressed error) emerged from a willful acceptance of accountability and this view was rehashed by the House of Lords in Capar

Love Versus Hate Essays - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

Love Versus Hate William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet and Arthur Laurent's West Side Story are fundamentally the same as in correlation. The characters in both these unfortunate stories are practically symmetric in what sort of job they play and how they associate. Indeed, even the plot is commonly the equivalent aside from the progressions made because of the setting. As a result of my interest of middle age Europe, I delighted in Romeo and Juliet more. Romeo and Juliet is an account of star-crossed sweethearts whose unfortunate end show their families the degree of harm that detest can do. They setting of this play is fourteenth century Verona, Italy. Two rich families, Montague and Capulet, have a developing contempt for one another. Romeo and Juliet, two youthful young people, one from every family, become hopelessly enamored and need to confront the mistreatment of their quarreling families. They in the long run execute themselves toward the finish of the story, and their families acknowledge what ghastly happenings their hostility can prompt. These plot occasions and end show how love can defeat despise to the detriment of another. Monk Lawrence put it best by saying, These brutal enjoyments have fierce finishes. West Side Story is likewise an account of two darlings and how disdain and bigotry can hurt others. It happens in the 1950's on the West Side of New York. An American pack, the Jets, and a Puerto Rican posse, the Sharks, are battling a direct result of bigotry and region. Tony and Maria, who are from inverse sides of this contention, experience passionate feelings for and endeavor to cause the packs to understand that they ought not battle about bigotry or domain that they guarantee. Tony is shot by a Shark in an inclination rage at this accounts grievous completion. Maria, seeing why this occurred, gets out, We all slaughtered him...I can execute now since I detest now. This shows how the aversion, prejudice, and contempt of the two groups lead to occasion of Tony's demise, and others. Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story both underline what clashes and battling can prompt. Romeo and Juliet is the better book in light of it's fascinating setting and capacity to relate with a typical youngster's life. Consequently, everybody should, at one point in their initial adolescent years, read the tale of Juliet and her Romeo.

The Social and Environmental Impacts of International Events - 2475 Words

The Social and Environmental Impacts of International Events: A Case Study of Beijing and London Olympics (Thesis Proposal Sample) Content: THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS: A CASE STUDY OF BEIJING AND LONDON OLYMPICSNameCourseTutorUniversityCityDateThe Social and Environmental Impacts of International Events: A Case Study of Beijing and London OlympicsIntroductionBackgroundInternational sports events have become critical to the growth and development of major cities across the world as global competition increase tremendously. Many countries are on the forefront to win bids to host mega-events such as the Olympics and FIFA world cup as a way of enhancing their relevance in the global community. Moreover, sponsors and public authorities have identified this niche as most suitable to enhance social, economic, and environmental objectives (Brown, Graham, Andrew, and Guy 2016). Notably, the number of the investor in sports events has increased in the last decade, as international sports have become important landscapes to advance social and economic gains. The organizing and manag ing mega sports events is an important subject to investors and the public with demands of evidence-based reports that indicate the positive impacts of international events to the community. Event organizers are continuously expected to uphold transparency and accountability of resources together with preparing a successful event. Furthermore, the demand for evidence in international events has introduced the need for research to determine the various impacts on the host nation (Brown, Graham, Andrew, and Guy 2016).Economists have embarked on studies to analyze the economic extent of mega sports to the host nations. Although most hypothesize the possibility of positive economic benefits, some scholars dispute the economic significance of sports (Brown, Graham, Andrew, and Guy 2016). Conversely, social and environmental impacts of international sports have received little research and literature in this discipline is limited. Moreover, it is challenging to elaborate how positive soci al interaction during mega-events addresses societal issues such as inequality and integration. This concern remains apparent despite the fact that sports events provoke excitement and zeal from the public. Similarly, the environmental impacts of sports mega-events have remained under-researched for decades with little comparability of literature. However, this has continued to change since the adoption of Green Games in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Since then, cities have developed strategies to promote the green economy through sports and environmental sustainability (Fussey, Pete, and Dick 2012). More so, the debates on climate change have taken a center stage in the contemporary political, social, and economic discussions. International sports events happen in a short period but often have long-lasting legacies in the host community and provide benchmarks for the future trends in the industry. Therefore, elaborating on the significance of social and environmental events becomes a c entral research question, especially taking a special focus on the Beijing and London Olympic events.Research QuestionInternational sports events are known for their importance across the world since they promote the global competitiveness of the host nation. The social and environmental impacts of these mega sports events enhance sustainability and cultural diversity in the world. The Beijing and London Olympic events are thought to have introduced significant lasting social and environmental impacts in both cities. Therefore, this study aims to explore and determine the degree of social and environmental influence of the Olympic event in both China and UK. However, to achieve this process, the outlined objectives are paramount to consider. * To determine the social impacts of Beijing and London Olympics to the host countries * To determine the environmental and sustainability impacts of the Olympic Games event * To evaluate the complexity of short term and long term effects of int ernational sports event managementThe research question and objectives will enable a comprehensive analysis of the underlying social and environmental impacts associated with the Olympic Games event. The significance of the study is derived from the fact that these games are internationally recognized and often confer profound changes in the cultural, social, economic, and political contexts of the host destination. Furthermore, the research findings will provide substantial evidence concerning the importance of Olympic Games to the social welfare of the global community.Literature ReviewHosting Olympic Games always come with a lot of excitement and national pride. However, it may be hard to ascertain the economic impact of these mega events; the social and environmental impacts can easily be seen (Fussey, Pete, and Dick 2012). People from all walks of life are united together by these events.In the recent past, many civic and public agencies have explicitly recognized the need to p ut into consideration the environmental externalities consequent to hosting sporting events. Following the Olympic Games which took place in USAs City of Los Angeles (1984), the possibility of key sporting activities having the environmental and social impact on the host country has increased (Fussey, Pete, and Dick 2012). Many sporting institutions such as FIFA and other sports' governing body all agreed and recognized that there were substantial reasons to comprehend the environmental effects of the sporting events which they give sponsorship, regulate and host (Fussey, Pete, and Dick 2012). Before the official opening of the London Olympic, the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) emphasized on the need for environmental conservation (Getz, Donald, and Stephen 2016). The organizers launched Sustainable Development Strategy in the effort to promote the eradication of carbon emissions, water wastage, and other wastes while maximizing environmental friendly usage (Getz, Donald, and Step hen 2016). Increased prominence on negative environmental effects mitigation has become a major argument underlining other mega events. For instance, measures to reduce carbon emissions have spread to other countries and subsequent major tournaments. In 2006, during FIFA World Cup Games, FIFA reiterated the need to use sporting activities as avenues of passing strong messages of promoting environmental conservation (Getz, Donald, and Stephen 2016). In so doing, they launch FIFA Green Goal Program to make subsequent World Cups one of the ways of creating environmental awareness in the world. They rolled out ways to minimize resource wastage in terms of energy, refuse, transport and water to offset the numerous tones of carbons which are likely to be emitted during the event and subsequent world major tournaments (Getz, Donald, and Stephen 2016). Following the 2000 Sidney Olympic Games, the state of Victoria soon set out measures to ensure the 2006 and subsequent other mega-events car bon neutral and has low wastage of resources. As a result of these sporting events, the United Nation on Environmental Program took the theme of greening sports to its Global Forum of Environmental Conservation which brought together many delegates from different countries. In their attempts to understand this theme, they call on various countries to review the effects of major sporting tournaments on the environment (Getz, Donald, and Stephen 2017). Highly regarded as one of the exemplary major tournament, the Beijing Summer Olympics is still fresh in many minds. They were meticulously planned and expertly delivered. The city transport services flowed seamlessly despite the anticipation of traffic jams during the games. One of the major environmental benefits of hosting this game which cannot go unnoticed is the creation of first urban water recycling system. Not to say, this mega sporting event also produced the countrys biggest metropolitan parkland (Giulianotti et al. 2015, 121) .The above discussions are clear indications that there are some signs of progress among the organizers of these events to recognize the environmental externalities surrounding the development and strategy executions with several pieces of evidence of mainstreaming concerns on environmental conservations. The outlines of major tournaments such as the FIFA World Cups and Olympic Games, in particular, have also provided acknowledgments of local ecosystem impacts in relations to the effects of event-related consumptions (Giulianotti et al. 2015, 128). Actually, this made the committee tasked with the responsibilities of organizing these major tournaments to express their desire of trying to be part and parcel of solutions and not part of problems in issues pertaining environmental conservations.The analyses of Ecological Footprint of these two major events and subsequent major sporting activities have soon gained momentum, especially after the Beijing Olympic Games. Ecological Footprin t has soon been used to account for the earthly consumptions of available resources. This approach has given snapshot estimates of the demand placed on global bio-capacity and the supply of the same bio-capacity (Giulianotti et al. 2015, 132).Conversely, these mega-events have also come under sharp criticism for failing to conserve the environment. The environmental consequences involve everything from raising new stadiums, parking lots and other structures to the handling of sanitation during these major tournaments (Mowforth, Martin, and Ian, 2013, 5). Many people have criticized policies of offsetting carbon emissions during these events as a mere comfort at a time when the world needs to fully eradicate carbon emissions. Moreover, the so-called offsets do not put into consideration the amount of energy used to power the stadiums, the amount of water used to irrigate the field and to clean the toilets ...

Academic Dishonesty Applying Technology in Plagiarism

Abstract Academic dishonesty, specifically cheating and plagiarism, recently has increased in popularity. Students often justify unethical academic behavior. Technological innovations, like the cellular telephone, have provided students with new methods of cheating. Plagiarism has also been influenced through technologies, specifically internet companies have emerged that provide unethical solutions to academic assignments. Academic Dishonesty: Applying Technology to Cheat Defined as any â€Å"theft of ideas and other forms of intellectual property— whether they are published or not† (Jones, et al, 2001), academic dishonesty occurs often, usually in the form of cheating or plagiarizing. Students face temptations to cheat and†¦show more content†¦Many academic institutions, including high-schools, colleges, and universities, have enacted tough penalties for students who implement plagiarism tactics to complete assignments. The University of Phoenix defines plagiarism as â€Å"intentional or unintentional representation of another’s words or ideas as one’s own in an academic exercise.†(University of Phoenix Catalog, 2008, p 25) They further explain that plagiarism includes copying information exactly or paraphrasing without citing sources. They also incorporate into the plagiarism definition the submission of another’s work and self-plagiarism. For e xample, many internet websites sell students term papers, research papers, and essays. The emergence of internet websites offering these services has caused educators to implement plagiarism detecting software programs. The internet companies, specializing in selling papers, have countered this inconvenience with services providing original term papers (Buy Term Papers, 2006). Superior Papers justifies students purchasing papers, stating on their website, â€Å"You live active and hectic life? Are you a dynamic person, who should handle some emergencies and does not have much time to spend on writing your term papers? Or maybe you just need to spend more time with the people you care for? Certainly, there is someone you can rely on. You would like it to be a professional, trustworthy, honestShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism : What Is Plagiarism?1583 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is using someone else’s work, words, production, researches and ideas without the approval or the acknowledgment of the writer or producer, and claiming the credit for himself. Many reasons and factors are attributed for the use of plagiarism and could be cultural, historical, linguistic, environmental and educational background. Plagiarism is a form of an academic dishonesty, academic misconduct, and a digital cheating. 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You will pay this by credit card to the vendor, and this is in addition to theRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read MoreWriting and Research Paper2935 Words   |  12 Pagesexample, if you repeat the same course more than twice, you have to pay extra tuition. 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The Theory Of Teamwork And Leadership - 1527 Words

Michael Jordan once stated â€Å"Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships† (Brainy Quote, n.d., Retrieved January 28, 2017). Jordan (2017) may have been referring to his experience in basketball or on the court, but the same theories of teamwork can be related to businesses, organizations, and the ancillary small groups that help achieve common envisioned goals. Most teams experience fear, expectations, and conflicts, yet with the assistance of leadership these issues can be addressed, and overcome. As illustrated by Lencioni (2002) even some of the best teams struggle and it is through the Five Dysfunctions Model, that most teams can be improved (p. 185). In looking back on prior learning team environments, it is†¦show more content†¦Our inability to discuss or effectively argue left us continuing to work in our teams, yet did not allow for us as individuals or as a group to flourish and further develop. The next dysfunction Lencioni (2002) identifies is a lack of commitment. After analyzing my previous experience in learning teams it is clear how a lack of commitment emerged from a sense of mistrust, a fear of conflict, and a team embolden with ego. No one really fully committed to any idea or vision as there was no one fully on board with the team as a whole. In the end if the team was given negative feedback, or a lower than anticipated grade; we lacked the ability to take accountability for our weaknesses or mistakes (Lencioni, 2002). Although, we were able to successfully achieve acceptable grades and learn new information; we were not successful to fully adopt the concepts of a learning team and benefit from the concepts of having each other. Steps that can be taken to develop a successful team, if applicable; is communication. As Lencioni (2002) purposes it is through open dialogue and communication that a person feels heard and supported and thus trust develops. Past experiences have shown that fearing conflict has not helped to develop leadership skills, nor has it cultivated the type of team in which growth and success flourish. Other steps that can be taken is reviewing, discussing, and completing a learning team agreement. The learning team agreement is designed toShow MoreRelatedA Leadership Theory Based On Values And Teamwork1260 Words   |  6 Pagesenhanced when leadership is new. For leaders to lead a continuously changing organization they must establish a foundational leadership theory based on values and teamwork that fit within the organization and the leaders own skill set. Foundational Theories The leaders must understand how the world is changing in relation to the organization and how to relate their desires for success to possible changes (Allen and Strathern, 2003). 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Report On The Prince By Machia Essay Example For Students

Report On The Prince By Machia Essay 1. Major themes in the book. The Prince, written by Niccolo Machiavelli, is one of the firstexaminations of politics and science from a purely scientific andrational perspective. Machiavelli theorizes that the state is onlycreated if the people cooperate and work to maintain it. The state isalso one of mans greatest endeavors, and the state takes precedenceover everything else. The state should be ones primary focus, andmaintaining the sovereignty of the state ones most vital concern. Thestate is founded on the power of its military. Therefore, a strongmilitary is vital to maintaining the state. Machiavelli believes thatmen respect power, but they will take advantage of kindness. Hebelieves that when given the opportunity one must destroy completely,because if one does not he will certainly be destroyed. The princeshould lead the military, and he has to be intelligent. An effectivepolitician can make quick and intelligent choices about the problemsthat constantly arise before him. He must also have virtue, which meanshe is strong, confident, talented, as well as smart. A prince cannot beuncertain, because uncertainty is a sign of weakness. Fortune controlshalf of humans actions, and mans will control the other half. Virtueis the best defense for fortune, and virtue must be used in order tokeep fortune in check. The prince must take advantage of situationsbased solely on if it is best for the state. He should choose hisdecisions based on contemporary and historical examples. A princecannot consider whether his acts are moral or immoral, and he insteadmust act in an unbiased manner for the state. Also, it does not matterhow the state achieves its goals, as long as these goals are achieved. Finally, regardless of the personal morality involved, the prince shouldbe praised if he does good for the state and berated if he hurts thestate. Machiavellis principles have widespread influence, and they arequite similar to some of Thomas Hobbes ideas in Leviathan. 2. What does Machiavelli think of the people in the course of humanhistory?Machiavelli has a very low opinion of the people throughout history. In general, he feels that men are ungrateful, fickle, liars, anddeceiver. They shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treatthem well, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you butwhen you are in danger they turn against you. Machiavelli basicallyhas little respect for the people, and he feels as though they have notearned much either. He uses this as justification for the use of fearin order to control people. He also feels that men are wretchedcreatures who would not keep their word to you, you need not keep yourword to them. This sense of fairness justifies breaking ones word tomen. Machiavelli also writes about how hard it must be for a prince tostay virtuous. He concludes that with so many wretched men aroundvirtue is hard to create in oneself. The fact is that a man who wantsto act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among so manywho are not virtuous. Overall, Machiavelli is very pessimistic aboutthe abilities of the people. He feels that after examining peoplethrough history, his conclusions of wretched men are correct. 3. Discuss Machiavellis opinions on the uses of cruelty to accomplishcertain goals. Machiavelli tells us that the sovereign must take whatever action isnecessary to maintain order in society. In time this will result in themost compassionate choice too. Machiavelli explains that, CesareBorgia, by using cruelty was able to achieve order and obedience inRomangna. This contrast with the inaction of the Florentines, whoallowed internal conflict to develop in Pistoia, resulting indevastation of the city. Therefore, a number of highly visibleexecutions can be a very effective means of controlling the people andin preventing a major out break of violence and murder. Machiavellialso cites the tremendous military successes of Hannibal. Even thoughHannibal led an army of different races over foreign soil, he never hadany dissension because of his reputation of extreme cruelty. Machiavelli further concludes that it is difficult to be loved andfeared simultaneously. Hence, one should always prefer to be fearedthan to be loved. During adverse times, the fear of punishment is far more effective in maintaining control than depending peoples goodwilland love. Finally, excessive leniency will lead to ruin, becauseleniency is seen as a sign of weakness. A good historical example waswhen Scipios armies mutinied against him in Spain. .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 , .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .postImageUrl , .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 , .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:hover , .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:visited , .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:active { border:0!important; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:active , .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38 .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d2b808ab464c0a0f391767e3398ca38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Family History Persuasive Essay4. What countries in history are discussed most fully by Machiavelli? What does he in general have to say about them?Machiavelli talks consistently about the Roman empire and its rulers. Particularly, he stresses the importance of having a strong army andpopular support by the army and people. The Roman emperors proved to usmany times that a ruler who is perceived to be weak is the mostvulnerable to attack. Alexander Severus was controlled by his motherand considered feminine by his troops. He was a good ruler, but it wasthis appearance of weakness that led his troops to kill him. AntoniusCaracalla is another example of an erroneous ruler. He was a verystrong military leader who was a great fighter. Unfortunately, hebecame an incredibly cruel and harsh ruler over time, and he was hencekilled by a centurion. Machiavelli also includes the country of Italyinto much of his writings. He hopes to reclaim the land which has beentaken away from them. He feels that Italian princes have lost theirstates because they have not had armed people. Machiavelli tells usthat an armed population is a stable population. The Italian princesalso have not acted quickly, like a real prince should act. Julius IIdid act quick, and Machiavelli attributes this to his success. Inreality, the whole purpose behind Machiavelli writing The Prince was totry and help Italy free itself from foreign domination. 5. Evaluation of the book. The Prince has been an incredibly important book. It was written inthe 1500s, but much of it still applies today. The book also hasinfluenced many people in history. Many philosophers credit Machiavelliwith leading the way in political science. They say this because he wasthe first person to take a rational approach at analyzing government andpolitics. Many of Machiavellis critics would say that he is to harshin his ideas, and that he even seems immoral. The truth is Machiavelliis only being honest with what he has observed consistently in historyto be true. The effect of his writing are still found today too. People still need virtue in order to be a good ruler or manager. Success is still to those who can make quick and intelligent choices. The government is still supported most by it amount of power. However,countries are held accountable today, and few would agree that the endjustifies the means as Machiavelli wrote. Overall, Machiavellis workhas lasted through the years, and it has proven to be a classic piece ofliterature by standing the test of time.

The Greatest Leaders of Today and Yesterday are Both Born Made free essay sample

A leader is someone who guides and inspires others in a way which brings out the potential lying dormant inside of them. To inspire, one must stir emotions, drive and intellect in others to motivate them to act on your vision (Pace, 2006) Great leaders are born with certain characteristics, which give them an advantage over others; however, they are not born a great leader. Such an individual utilize and mature their born traits, over time as they experience life’s challenges. These experiences yield knowledge and this knowledge is used to guide and improve the lives of others. Great leaders not only reflect on what they have learned for themselves, but also they are eager to learn and impart new ideas and information into others. Therefore, great leaders are not born; they develop knowledge and wisdom through experience. Leaders are both born and made. People are born with certain qualities and characteristics which help them to be more geared toward leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greatest Leaders of Today and Yesterday are Both Born Made or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such features as confidence, drove, empathy, ambition, determination all improves person’s ability to lead. Many strong leaders are very sociable individuals, and they are very curious also. Nevertheless, there is much to improve in order to become a great leader in the business arena or any other arena (Financial Management, 2001). Some individuals can easily understand and retain information, which can be a trait in which they are born with; however, without the reality of life’s experiences, born traits have no conduit to flourish (PR, N, 2012) even though they give the person an advantage over others. Now, there is an understanding, in addition to born features, experience plays an enormous role in the development of a strong leader. According to study, leaders who have born features which enhance their abilities are better thinkers due to their determination to seek experiences which will help them develop in particular areas (PR, N, 2012). These life experiences must be both subjective and measurable and repetitive over time in order to develop superior qualities within a person (PR, N, 2012). This study also stated â€Å"to be the most effective, leaders must be exposed to experiences that allow them to progress through increasing levels of involvement (PR, N, 2012). † Developing a strong leader is a long term process in which the individual’s information is perfected day by day with life’s interactions; therefore, leadership abilities are developed and retained (Gilmore, 2006). Life events are not always beneficial, but they all should be educational. Great leaders take their mistakes, learn from them and continue on their journey. By reflecting on these circumstances and gathering feedback from others, information and wisdom arises giving the person the ability to become a more effective leader (Gilmore, 2012). The most effective part of becoming a strong leader is the process of development. Leaders must abandon all self-imposed restrictions and redefine themselves as new experiences unfold (Gilmore, 2012). When a leader has a clear view of his/her identity, they will have the capability of inspiring others on their journey. This talent comes from minute changes in one’s self-image daily instead of trying to change all things at once. The ability to influence others shows a leader with the ability to make a positive impact within a company (Gilmore, 2012). Therefore, effective leaders continuously adjust their behaviors to the experiences and new information they encounter. Leaders motivate, manage and make decision which make their teams meet all goals effectively and efficiently (Pace, 2006). Therefore, strong, effective, exceptional leaders are born and made. These leaders are born with specific qualifications giving them an advantage over others; however, those born features must be developed through life experiences, which make them the great leader of yesterday, today and the future.

European Expansion essays

European Expansion essays Bernal Diaz del Castillo accompanied Captain Hernan Cortez in his march on Tenichitilan (Mexico City) in 1519, resulting in the surrender of this Aztec capital in 1521. Castillo contends that he will give us the honest account of what happened and not to give a bias opinion of what happened. We read three different sections from his book. The first is his trip to the Caribbean, the second is his encounter in Cholula, and the third is the aftermath of the fall of Tenochtitlan. In theses sections we are trying to find the underlying themes, what the role of the conquerors was, and finally, what events does Castillo seem to refute. Since Castillo tried to give a pure account so it is hard to say that there are hidden controversies. The only hidden text that I could find was that of misconception intentionally given by the Indians of peace. They only presented the troop with peace so they could get the troop to follow them into an ambush. The trend seems to follow in the next section, were they the troop is greeted very hospitably by the men of importance from Cholula. While in the care of the Cholula they were striped of almost all food and resources. Cortes tried repeatedly to negotiate with the Caciques who had turned against them. Cortes told them that he was needed to talk to Montezuma who was the leader. The whole point of these journeys was to spread Christianity. Throughout the different times Cortes would say that God would prevent any harm that would come to the men. This was a tactic to give confidence to the men who doubted him. If God was on their side than no one could defeat them. At the end of the last section the men were mad at Cortes because they thought that he was keeping all the money for himself. Castillo seemed to have respect for Cortes, for he was a great warrior leader, and he never gave a bad opin ...

Role of HR in developing talent at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Role of HR in developing talent at work - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that dynamic organizations try to identify the top potentials in the company and try to leverage their capabilities. It is the competence that organizations must possess for attaining a sustainable competitive advantage. There have been contradictory views regarding the contributions HR has made towards developing and managing talents. According to the findings of the research conducted by the Corporate Leadership Council (CLC), only 30% of the organizations were found to apply disciplines of managing talent apart from their regular functions like recruitment, selection, training, compensation management etc. According to another survey conducted by the same institution in 2006 on the critical skills that the HR staff must possess, the HR functions rated themselves according to the functions that they considered themselves best at applying. 41% of the organizations were of the opinion that they were best at applying methods associated with re cruiting new staffs in the organizations. The survey clearly reflected the fact that only 25% of the organizations surveyed were good at applying talent development strategies at the workplace. The tendency of HR has always been inward-looking. Also, it has been particularly over conscious of its role in adding value to businesses. According to Ulrich, when he tried to push HR towards attaining a more strategic role, people belonging to HR functions were reluctant to work in a strategic manner. Their focus was more on themselves rather than on the business. Thus issues like development of talents in the workplace with the aim of growing the business took a backseat and the emphasis was more on developing themselves independently.

Journal 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Journal 4 - Essay Example It is unfortunate that many people do not recognize that God ha such love for us (Greidanus, 2007). The course enabled me to gain familiarity with the challenges that Jesus faced when he was on earth. I am happy that he set a perfect example for us to emulate. Jesus did promise his disciples that he would provide them with his holy spirit. Notably, God’s Holy Spirit still guides us today. It is comforting to recognize that God and Jesus understand the criticality of the times we are living. Therefore, we have the gift of the Holy Spirit who guides us on the right way. In addition, the course made me realize that Jesus does intercede for us. The fact that Jesus intercedes for us proved to be very comforting to me because there are times when I feel that it is impossible to express my true feelings to God (Malone, 2006). As an imperfect human being, I find it comforting to realize that Jesus who understands the challenges on earth intercedes for us Christians. The course introduced the angels and their purpose. From the course, I learned that the angels were present during creation and that they celebrated the good work that God did. However, the example of Satan, who chose to challenge the sovereignty of God served as a warning to me as a Christian. Since Satan understands his fate, he is determined to lead as many people as possible astray. My greatest concern in the period we are living in is whether I will be able to survive and resist the temptations of Satan. Therefore, I am praying for myself continuously that I may be able to appreciate God’s love that He showed through His son and helped God give an answer to his adversary Satan (Greidanus, 2007). However, there are still aspects of the judgment period that I do not understand fully, especially the ones revealed in the book of

Security Risks Associated With VoIP Implementation Research Paper

Security Risks Associated With VoIP Implementation - Research Paper Example Part 2 gives detailed descriptions of the testing or test cases. Part 3 discusses groups that will be affected by the tests. Part 4 discusses those who will be involved with testing. Part 5 discusses how results will be assessed. Part 6 gives the changes that will be made as a result of the testing. Part 7 discusses how to test the security risks in the 250K company. Chapter 4 gives the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations. Many businesses internationally have applied Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as a substitute for the traditional Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) as stated by Ransome and Rittinghouse (2005, pp. 278-302). The improvement of VoIP offers a wide range of advantages ranging from saving of cost, efficiency in staff operations to offering improved shopping encounter for customers. These benefits go a long way in enhancing a business' competence and offers market leadership and dominance. Business management may be able to expand its competitive advantage by making use of the benefits that VoIP offers while considering some risks that should be dealt with by giving remedies and avoiding them altogether. The management of these risks is in the end the onus of the company management. These risks may range from compromising of high quality delivery, controlling of expenses that are security related to call hijacking among others. It is important to appreciate here that these risks offer huge drawbacks to business performance and their mitigation is a key factor that requires a great deal of management's attention. The paper is aimed at providing management with insight into what the risks of VoIP are. 1.2 Situational analysis In business, it is the task of the management to deploy, coordinate, allocate and combine inputs or resources in such a way that the goals of the organization are achieved as effectively as possible (Wallingford, 2005, pp. 245-263). In a business these resources are categorized into information, physical, human and financial resources. The former is quickly becoming one of the most important of the resources. The information resource consists of organized or processed data. The value of the information resource can also play a role in providing a business with a significant competitive advantage. Businesses are currently operating in the information era, wherein quality of information can establish the difference between successful and unsuccessful ventures. The factors that contribute to the quality of information have consequently become increasingly important. Completeness, timeliness, relevance and accuracy are, among other things, attributes of good quality information. Good qua lity information is communicated to the appropriate users before it is regarded as useful or valuable. Communication is the manner in which information is made accessible to other users, whereas telecommunications is the digital transmission of data or information from one terminal to another in terms of function and sophistication (Wallingford, 2005, pp. 245-263). Basic ways of communication include the use of telephones and fax. According to Wallingford (2005, pp. 245-263) the machines used in communication vary, whereby more technologically advanced and newer methods of communication

The History of Music Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

The History of Western Music Music has been around since the dawn of time, ever since man first inhabited this planet we have learned to communicate in ways other then conventional speaking. Different Cultures all have there own specific way of communicating through music. Music is basically broken into two specific groups Eastern Music and Western Music. Eastern music is mainly derived from the orient and India. While, Western music first emerged from Europe. Western music has developed in many ways since the middle ages through its form, sound, and message. The Middle Ages In 500 A.D., western civilization began to emerge from the period known as "The Dark Ages," a time in which many invading forces ruled Europe and brought an end to the Roman Empire. For the next hundred year, the newly emerging Christian Church would soon govern Europe, administering justice, initiating the Crusades against the East, creating Universities, and for the most part dictating the destiny of music, art and literature. Pope Gregory I is believed to have collected the music known as Gregorian Chant, which was the approved music of the Church. Later, Notre Dame in Paris was accredited, with the creation of a new kind of music called organum. Which was created by much more melodic phrases then Gregorian Chant, organum was also the first type of music too utilize fourth and fifth intervals, which would become one of the building blocks of modern musical theory. Music in the church had not changed much during this time as said by Charles Burney in A General History of Music Volume I, â€Å"Music in the church, however, appears to have undergone no other change at this time than in being applied in some parts of the service†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (57). A type popular music began to erupt and was sung all over Europe by the troubadours and trouvà ¨res of France. The troubadours and trouvà ¨res played mainly lutes (a primitive guitar) and sung songs, which everyday people could appreciate and identify with. And it was during the middle Ages that western culture saw the arrival of the first great name in music, Guillaume de Machaut. De Machaut polyphonic style did not catch with many during the middle ages, but would later influence a flood of composers during the Renaissance. The Renaissance The Renaissance began in the year 1420 and ended in the year 1600. The Renaissance meaning rebirth was a time of... ...bert Palmer in Rock & Roll an unruly history â€Å"Of necessity, then, rock and roll’s original audience was in many respects a secret audience teenagers gathering after school, cruising in their cars, or lying awake under their bedclothes deep in the night, their ears pressed to tiny little transistor radios.†(95). Western Music has developed in many ways since the middle ages through its form, sound, and message. Throughout these different periods in western music one thing has remained constant, the true essence of music, a way to communicate with someone on a much more divine level than be by rudimentary conversation. Though Ludwig Van Beethoven and Paul McCartney may seem completely opposite they have one in common through their music they changed the world’s perception of its self Works Cited Burney, Charles. A General History Of Music. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. Burney, Charles. A General History Of Music 2. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. Einstein, Alfred. A Short History Of Music. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1969. Palmer, Robert. Rock & Roll an unruly history. New York: Harmony Books, 1995. Prendergast, Mark. The Ambient Century. New York: Bloomsbury, 2000

Chapter 20 – Neurofinance

20. 1 INTRODUCTION In this book we have argued that cognition and emotion are powerful influences on people’s decisions. Traders are, of course, no different. This chapter begins by considering what we know about what sets a successful trader apart from other people. We have all contemplated the oft-debated question of nature versus nurture in explaining whether a person thrives or fails. In this final chapter, we further investigate where choices come from. The evidence suggests that there are both environmental and biological foundations. The chapter begins in Section 20. with a discussion of expertise, namely, what makes a skillful trader? Cognitive skills are honed through practice and repetition, but emotion also has a significant role. Next, in Section 20. 3, we turn to the emerging field of neurofinance. Using imaging technology, researchers are contributing to our understanding of how people make decisions. In Section 20. 4, we describe some of the insights recently pr ovided by neurofinance researchers. These researchers have found that cognition and emotion have complementary effects. Traders whose emotions appear to be in balance perform the best.Uncertainty and risk are experienced differently by our brains, as are gains versus losses and risk versus return. The chapter concludes in Section 20. 5 with some practical advice. 20. 2 EXPERTISE AND IMPLICIT LEARNING Consider the following situation. You are at a large concert and run into a good friend, Molly. Of course, you recognize her face immediately. Now think about this. What if, instead, you know Molly is at the concert but is seated across the venue. The friend you came to the concert with, Amy, is going to look for Molly, but the two have never met.You do your best at describing Molly to Amy. What’s the chance that Amy will be able to identify Molly among thousands of concert goers? Not too likely. Much of what we know we cannot describe in words. A face is a very complex thing, an d we simply do not have enough words to explicitly describe one particular person very accurately. Language is categorical, whereas the distinguishing features of two similar faces may be fuzzy. Some cognitive scientists assert that people have knowledge that they cannot verbalize, referred to as implicit learning or tacit knowledge.Brett Steenbarger argues that traders also have information about markets that they cannot adequately describe in words. Like a human face, markets are probably more complex than the language we have to describe them. Does this mean we need a finer grid with which to describe markets? Or, does this view suggest that we need to better understand how traders make decisions? Excellence in most fields requires expertise. How do we define expertise? Usually we think in terms of relative performance so that those at the top of their game are considered to be the experts.Because of tacit knowledge, an expert chess player or pro football player often knows insti nctively what the best move is, perhaps without any cognitive evaluation whatsoever. Recall in our discussion of the foundations of emotion in Chapter 7 that psychologists believe that emotions can develop completely independently from cognition. In other words, you can feel fear without first cognitively recognizing what is making you fearful. While observing a market, a trader may instinctively know the move he wants to make.Steenbarger notes that in many instances traders will make similar buy or sell decisions and then, ex post, provide very different descriptions of the information that led to the decision. The traders saw the same information, acted the same way, but understood their behavior quite differently. Perhaps a trader makes a decision based on instinct with no preceding cognitive evaluation. Afterward, the trader generates an explanation that is cognitively consistent with his expectations. Steenbarger argues that â€Å"the successful trader feels the market but doe s not become lost in those feelings. Studies of expert athletic performers have reached similar conclusions. For example, one study argues that â€Å"emotions, and the capability to regulate them effectively, arguably account for a large portion of the variance in athletic performance. † In the trading domain, an expert trader often has a gut feeling about a particular situation but remains in control by taking careful, deliberate action. Does this mean that trading expertise is innate and cannot be learned? Reading the information in a market could be like understanding a social interaction. Some people are just better at it than others.While some level of innate ability is probably requisite, the evidence suggests that expertise is finely honed. Not too many of us would believe that a professional quarterback spent his teen and early adult years watching football on television while sitting on the couch eating chips. Knowing the rules of a game does not make you good at the game. Practice and repetition are common ingredients across successful experts. For example, accomplished violinists spend, on average, 10,000 hours practicing. Successful traders also devote a lot of time to practice.This practice gives them the ability to connect what they know about a market to the action they should take. Through implicit learning they are able to make better and more efficient decisions. A day trader who spends hours, or even minutes, evaluating a current market circumstance before making a trading decision will certainly find it difficult to succeed. 20. 3 NEUROFINANCE While we know that practice is necessary to hone any skill, unlocking the mysteries of the brain is an important key to understanding how to promote the development of expertise in any realm, including investing.Are evolutionary theorists correct in their contention that our basic emotions have evolved to promote the survival of the species as we discussed in Chapter 7? Do expert performers hav e innate characteristics, or can anyone develop expertise in trading? Neurofinance and neuroeconomics use neurotechnology to examine how the brain behaves while a person is making financial and economic decisions. In these new and growing fields, results from economics, finance, psychology, and neuroscience provide the basis for further investigation.Neuroscience uses brain imaging, as we described in Chapter 7, to understand brain activity and how the brain works. With this technology, scientists can actually measure emotional response. The potential of the technology has not gone unnoticed by practitioners. In fact, Jason Zweig, senior writer for Money magazine and guest columnist for Time magazine and cnn. com writes: I’ve been a financial journalist since 1987, and nothing I’ve ever learned about investing has excited me more than the spectacular findings emerging form the study of â€Å"neuroeconomics. Thanks to this newborn field †¦ we can begin to understa nd what drives investing behavior not only on the theoretical or practical level, but as a basic biological function. These flashes of fundamental insight will enable you to see as never before what makes you tick as an investor. Investors who better understand â€Å"what makes them tick† will be better prepared to make good investment decisions. It is important to understand that neuroscience is not simply interested in mapping out parts of the brain. Instead, by looking at how the brain reacts during various activities, scientists can understand how the brain functions and solves problems.We will better understand the mix of cognitive processing and emotional responses. Which responses are controlled and which are automatic responses? These insights will allow economic theorists to improve models of decision-making, as well as investor education efforts. Recall from our earlier discussion of the brain that automatic and controlled responses are associated with different par ts of the brain. Automatic responses often stimulate the amygdala, whereas controlled responses activate the forebrain (or prefrontal cortex). Using imaging technology, scientists can observe the areas of the brain that are activated during a task.In Chapter 7 we also talked about Damasio’s studies of the behavior of brain-damaged patients. The patients were emotionally flat due to frontal brain lobe damage, and Damasio concluded that decision-making and emotion are intertwined. Though studies of braindamaged patients can be informative, brain imaging technology allows more control so that research can be conducted with greater precision. Neuroscientists are making great progress on brain function, and, as a result, researchers are proposing new models and theories that better incorporate aspects of psychology, including emotion. 0. 4 INSIGHTS FROM NEUROFINANCE Neuroscientists have investigated a variety of questions related to financial decision-making. Several studies have lent insight into the forces of emotion on trading by studying the physiological characteristics of professional securities traders while they were actively engaged in live trading. In one study significant correlations between market movements and physiological characteristics such as skin conductance and cardiovascular data were reported. Differences were also detected across traders, perhaps related to trading experience.Another study looked at whether emotion was found to be an important determinant of a trader’s ability to succeed in financial markets. It was found that those whose reaction to gains and losses was most intense had the worst trading performance, suggesting the obvious need for balanced emotions. Brain imaging has been used as experimental participants have made risky choices. This research indicates that how gains and losses are both anticipated and realized is likely to differ inasmuch as different regions of the brain are activated.When gains are antici pated, a subcortical region known as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) becomes active. This region is rich in dopamine, a substance that has been associated with both the positive affect of monetary rewards and addictive drug use. The fact that this region is only active during anticipated gains (but not losses) lends plausibility to the differential experiencing of gains and losses in prospect theory. Other brain imaging research indicates that what might lie behind ambiguity aversion is the fact that risk and uncertainty are experienced in different ways.Recall in Chapter 1 where we discussed the distinction between risk and uncertainty. With a risky choice, the person can assess the probability of the outcomes, but under uncertainty the probabilities are unknown. The distinction is important here because the brain may evaluate a choice in a risky situation differently from a choice when one faces uncertainty. Research indicates that when facing uncertainty the most active regions were the orbitofrontal cortex (a region integrating emotion and cognition) and the amygdala (a region central to emotional reaction).In contrast, when facing risk, the brain areas that responded during their task were typically in the parietal lobes so that the researchers concluded that choices in this setting were driven by cognitive factors. In sum, uncertainty appears to be more strongly associated with an emotional response, while risk leads to a cognitive reaction. It has been suggested that when times becomes more uncertain (for example in 2008, as was described in Chapter 14), the inability of investors to properly assess the distribution of future returns leads to their moving from rational deliberation to a primarily emotional response.The result could be widespread unwillingness to hold risky assets in turbulent markets, a tendency that can only exacerbate market declines. A neural test of myopic loss aversion has also been conducted. A group of patients with brain lesions on areas known to be associated with the processing of emotions were compared to a control group. The former group was significantly more likely to take on risk than the control group. Further, the lesion group exhibited greater consistency in their levels of risk aversion. In other words, those with a reduced capacity for fearful responses behaved in a manner more in line with expected utility theory.Another study focused on how decision-makers’ brains reacted to varying levels of risk, rather than on learning or expected values. Using a gambling game, expected values and risk were varied while participants’ brain activation was monitored. As is typical in finance, rewards were measured using expected payoffs and risk using the variance of payoffs. Interestingly, the researchers report that brain activation varied in both time and location for reward and risk. Brain activation in response to rewards was immediate, whereas brain activation in response to risk was delayed .Time and location of activation is important because if we can separate the effects of risk and reward in the brain, researchers can further investigate how changes in risk perception affect decision-making. For example, they could examine how misperception of risk and cognitive difficulties contribute to less-than-optimal behavior. 20. 5 EXPERTISE AND EMOTION Research indicates that understanding neural responses will help us to gain insight into some of the puzzles we have talked about in this book. In addition, there are important implications for trader education.We are all familiar with the old adage that â€Å"practice makes perfect. † In order to gain expertise, it is important to know the rules of the game, so reading up on investing is not a bad idea. But, at the same time, much practice through many simulations under divergent market conditions will promote better decision-making while trading. But, does it pay to become an expert? While we know that many long hour s of studying and practice are required, is this effort sufficiently rewarded? There is evidence that this question can be answered in the affirmative for financial practitioners.One researcher constructed a â€Å"differential reward index† as the income for a specified percentile divided by the median income for each occupation. This measure allows us to differentiate high average income from high income for those whose expertise is greatest in a particular profession. For financial and business advisors, including stock brokers, earnings are related closely to achievement. At the 90th percentile the differential reward index was 3. 5, indicating that the top 10% earned 3. 5 times more than the median income level.In fact, this was the largest observed value for the differential reward index across all occupations studied! Thus the evidence suggests that the benefit of becoming a skilled financial advisor may far exceed the cost. So how can one become an expert? Researchers have concluded that tacit knowledge is an important predictor of success in business as measured by salary, rank, and the level of one’s company (e. g. , whether it is among the top 500 in the Fortune rankings). Practical knowledge, or the ability to gain tacit knowledge and turn it into a good strategy, is a function of a person’s environment and ability.Thus, with a certain level of competence, hard work can be translated into success. A successful trader, nonetheless, should always remember that emotion is critical to the outcome. We have argued throughout this book that emotion can enhance decision-making. Previously cited evidence suggested, however, that traders are advised to be wary of intense emotional reactions. Another recent study used neuroimaging to examine how decision-makers’ brains responded while playing the ultimatum game described in Chapter 11.When unfair offers were rejected by the responders, the investigators reported significant increase s in brain activity in the anterior insula, a brain area associated with emotion. Recall that even offers that are viewed as unfair should be accepted by a responder who cares only about increasing her earnings. Thus, traders are advised to exert their cognitive skills when experiencing a strong emotional reaction in order to overcome the tendency to react emotionally, just as a responder in the ultimatum game who is aware of his emotional response is well advised to accept an offer even if it seems unfair.Emotional responses and cognitive evaluations of risk can be quite different. Think about how many people perceive the risks of automobile and airplane accidents. Though riding in an automobile has been shown to be the less safe alternative, often an emotional response plays the dominant role, which may keep some people off airplanes. CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS 1. Expertise is defined in terms of relative performance so that those at the top of their game are considered to be the experts. 2. Implicit learning reflects knowledge that cannot be described using language. 3.Experts have developed implicit knowledge that enhances performance in their particular domain. 4. Neurofinance uses brain imaging technology and results from economics, finance, and psychology to better understand how the brain works. 5. Physiological differences exist across professional traders, and emotion is an important determinant of a trader’s ability. 6. Measured brain responses to changes in risk and reward vary in both location and time of activation. 7. Practice is necessary to excel in trading, and good traders may make decisions based on gut feelings, while at the same time ensuring that they control their emotional responses.

Land law Free Essay Example, 2250 words

British Airways Board [1982] Q. B. 1004, 1019E which stated that the principle applies when there is a dispute as to whether the object in dispute is found in or not attached to the land in question. Further, the owner of land usually has better title to an article found in or attached to the land than the finder, unless he or she has the permission to remove it or is a stranger. In Waverley Borough Council v Fletcher [1995] 4 All ER 756, the court held that the possession of land carries with it the possession of everything that is attached to it or under it and in the absence of any other better title, the right to own it too. It therefore makes no difference, it is not an important factor that the person who owns the land did not know that the article or object existed on the piece of land, or whether it is attached or unattached. Similarly in Bridges v Hawkesworth (1851) 21 LJ QB 75, the court stated the true legal position with regard to things attached to land and the exercise of control over the land as the factors to be considered in conferring titles to finders. Â   Treasure Trove at Common Law Under the Common Law, the Crown exercises its prerogative right to any treasure that has been found, and includes the rules relating to finders and keepers (Macmillan, 1996, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Land law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now 1346). The three requirements for treasure trove at Common Law include the fact that it must be a gold or silver coin, plate or bullion and must have been deposited in the antique times and the depositor must have intended to return or retrieve it in a principle known as animus revertendi. It also includes the fact that the depositor must be unknown or that no other person can prove title to the property or presenting evidence of ownership as claimed by a person. The finders of the property usually report to the Coroner who holds an inquest and only applies on things of antiquarian value or interest that have been found in England and Wales found before September 24, 1997. Treasure Trove under Statute The Treasure Act 1996 redefines treasures in order to protect antiquities, determine the treasures in a simple manner and creates offences for failing to declare a treasure (Bray, Turner and Martin 2010, p. 21). The Act describes treasure as any object that is more than three hundred years old or a coin that is at least three hundred years old and has a content of about 10 % silver or gold or that 10 % of its metallic weight is silver or gold. It would also include treasure under the Common Law, archeologically associated materials and all the treasures will vest in the Crown unless a third party is granted the right to the treasure and transferred to a museum.